Invitations to Treat: The First Dance of Contracts​

The tango of contract formation starts with a delicate dance – the invitation to treat. This concept is key in understanding when a communication isn’t a binding offer but rather an opener for negotiations.​


An invitation to treat isn’t a legally binding offer, but rather an invitation for others to make offers or begin negotiations. In essence, it’s a way to say, “Let’s talk about a deal.” Here are some common examples:​

  • Eye-Catching Ads: A business advertising its products or services is generally extending an invitation to treat. The ad invites potential customers to propose buying those products or services.​
  • Products on Display: Those enticing shoes in the store window? An invitation to treat, not a guaranteed sale. Customers are invited to make offers to purchase, but the display itself isn’t a binding offer to sell.​
  • The Thrill of the Auction: At an auction, the auctioneer is calling for bids, essentially offers, from potential buyers. The auctioneer isn’t obligated to accept the highest bid; they can choose whether to accept or reject the offers made.​
  • The RFP Dance: A request for proposals (RFP) is typically seen as an invitation to treat. The party issuing the RFP is seeking proposals or bids from potential suppliers or contractors, initiating the dance of negotiation.​

So, how does an invitation to treat differ from an offer? The key distinction lies in the legal weight it carries. An offer creates a power of acceptance in the offeree (the one receiving the offer). When that offer is accepted, a contract is formed. An invitation to treat, however, simply invites negotiation, not guaranteeing a contract.​


Determining whether a communication is an invitation to treat or an offer can be tricky. Courts consider various factors to make this call, including:​

  • The Wording Used: Formal and specific language might suggest an offer, while vague or open-ended wording might lean towards an invitation to treat.​
  • The Context: The situation surrounding the communication can be telling. An advertisement in a magazine is likely an invitation to treat, while a detailed proposal with specific terms might be considered an offer.​
  • The Parties’ Intentions: What were the parties hoping to achieve with the communication? Understanding their intent can shed light on whether it was an offer or an invitation to negotiate.​

Knowing the difference between invitations to treat and offers is crucial in contract law. It helps establish when parties are legally bound and when they are still free to negotiate or walk away. The next time you encounter an enticing ad or participate in an auction, remember, it might just be the start of the contractual dance, not the final step.​

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